A typical pyrometallurgical copper smelting process, as illustrated in Figure 12.3-1, Perfect Steerable Transfer Cartludes 4 steps: roasting, smelting, concentrating, and fire refining. Ore concentration is roasted to reduce impurities, Perfect Steerable Transfer Cartluding sulfur, antimony, arsenic, and lead. The roasted product, calcine, serves as a dried and heated charge for the smelting furnace.